How Volcanoes Work

HOW VOLCANOES WORK INDEX



A 

B

C

 D

 E

 F

 G

 H

 I

 J

 K

 L

 M

 N
 O

 P

 Q

 R
 S

 T

 U

 V

 W

 X

 Y
 Z
ITALICS DENOTE SELECTED IMAGES

A

A'a lava
Accretionary lapilli
Accretionary lava balls
Active volcano, defined

Agglomerate
Agglutinate
Agua, Guatemala
Akrotiri (Santorini)
Alkalic lavas
Amphitheater, Mt. St. Helens
Anak Krakatau
Andesite
Andesite lava
Aniachak caldera, Alaska
Anorthosite, Lunar highlands
Apollinaris Patera, Mars

Arachnoids, Venus
Armero, Colombia
Ash
Ash cloud
Ash-fall deposits

Ash tuff
Aspect ratio
Asthenosphere
Atlantis, legend of
Axiolitic texture

B

Bandelier Tuff
Basalt
Basalt House, Panape

Basaltic lava
Base surges
Black smokers
Block-and-ash deposits
Blocky lava
Blocks and bombs

Bomb sags
Breadcrust bombs

C

Calderas
Calderas, Crater-lake type
Calderas, Shield volcano type
Calderas, resurgent
Calderas, on Venus

Capelinhos, Azores
Carbonatites
Carbon dioxide
Cauldron subsidence
Central vent
Central vent volcanoes, Venus
Ceraunius Tholus, Mars

Cerro Panizos caldera, Bolivia
Cerro Negro, Nicaragua
Chao coulee, Chile
Chill shattering
Clastic dikes

Climate effects
Co-ignimbrite ashes
Colima,Mexico

Colonnade
Columbia River Flood Basalts
Columnar jointing
Columnar jointing, Staffa lava flow, Scotland

Compaction and welding, ignimbrites
Composite cones
Compound lava flows
Confining pressure
Continental flood basalt provinces

Convection in eruption
Coronae, Venus

COSPEC
Coulées
Crater Lake, Oregon
Crossword puzzle
Curtain of fire

D

Dacite
Dacitic lava
Danan volcano, Krakatau

Devitrification
Differentiation of Earth

Dike
Dispersal and fragmentation
Dome flow
Dome growth, Mt. St. Helens
Dormant volcano

E

Effusion rate
El Chichon, Mexico
Electron lahar
El Palmar Lahar, Guatemala

Elutriation
Entablature
Entrail pahoehoe
Erta' Ale, Ethiopia

Eruption column
Eruption, controls on
Eruption model
Eruption plumes, Io

Eruption types
Eutaxitic texture
Explosion tube

Explosivity, controls on
Explosivity, fragmentation, and dispersal

Exsolution surface
Extinct volcano

F

Felsic magma
Fiamme, hand specimen
Fiamme, thin section
Fire fountaining
Fire fountaining, Pu'u O'o

First boiling
Fissure eruptions
Flank eruption

Flood basalts
Flow features
Flow inflation
Fluidization, pyroclastic flows

Fluidizaation pipes
Foundation seamount chain
Fragmentaion, quantified

Fragmentation surface
Frequency and size of eruptions
Fumaroles
Fumarole pipes, Argentina
Fumarole pipes, Mt. Mazama

G

Galapogos shields, defined
Galapogos sheild, satellite view
Gas, surface hazards
Gas exsolution
Gas expulsion, Lake Nyos

Gas thrust region
Glass shards, ignimbrites
Global cooling, examples
Global warming
Glowing avalanche

Graham Island
Greenhouse effect
Greenhouse effect, influence of eruption
Ground surge

H

Harrat Khaybar, Saudi Arabia
Hawaiian hotspot track

Hawaiian eruptions

Haze effect
Haze effect, influence of eruption
Heat, Internal Earth

Hekla, Iceland
Herculaneum
Historical eruptions
Hornitos

Hotspots
Hotspots, Mars

Hotspot track
Hyaloclastite
Hydrothermal vents

Hydrovolcanic eruptions
Hydrovolcanic vents

I

Icelandic eruptions
Icelandic shields
Ignimbrites
Ignimbrite, nonwelded rock textures
Ignimbrite, welded textures
Intraplate volcanism
Invasive lava flows
Island arc

Io

J

Jabal Abyad, Saudi Arabia
Jabal Hil, Saudi Arabia

Jointing

Jokulhlaups

K

Katmai, Alaska
Kilauea, Hawaii
Kilauea caldera
Kilauea Iki
Kipuka
Klyuchvskaya, Kamchatka

Komatiites
Krakatau, Indonesia
Krakatau, climate change
Kupaianaha volcano

Kupaianaha lava lake

L

Lahars
Lahar, Mt. Pinatubo
Lahar, Nevado del Ruiz, Colombia
Lake Nyos, Cameroon
Laki, Iceland
Laki, climate change
Lake Kivu, East Africa
Landforms, Volcanic
Lapilli
La Porune, Chile
Lascar, Chile
Lava
Lava cascades
Lava channels
Lava domes
Lava dome, Showa Sin-Zan, Japan

Lava domes, Peleean
Lava drapery

Lava falls
Lava flows
Lava flows, Io
Lava lakes
Lava levees
Lava stalactites and stalagmites

Lava tubes
LAZE

Limu o Pele
Linear vent systems
Linear vents, Harrat Khaybar, Saudi Arabia

Lithophysae
Lithosphere
Littoral cones
Long Valley caldera
Lunar Highlands
Lunar Maria

M

Maar, Lake Nyos, Cameroon
Maar, Harrat Shama, Saudi Arabia

Maars

Mafic magma
Magma
Magma chamber

Magma column
Mantle plumes
Mantle plumes, Venus
Mammoth Mtn., California

Mare basalts
Mars
Mauna Loa fissures, satellite view

Mauna Loa, oblique aerial view
Mauna Loa, satellite view

Mid-Atlantic ridge
Mid-oceanic ridges
Minoan civilization
Mokauweoweo caldera
Montreal Protocol
Mono-Inyo Craters

Moon
Mt. Adams

Mt. Augustine, Alaska
Mt. Etna, aerial view
Mt. Etna, strombolian eruption

Mt. Etna, 2002 eruption
Mt. Rainier

Mt. Fuji, Japan
Mt. Mayon, Philippines

Mt. Mazama
Mt. Mazama ignimbrite

Mt. Pelée, Martinique
Mt. Pinatubo, Philippines
Mt. St. Helens
Mt. St. Helens, bulge

Mt. St. Helens, lahar
Mt. St. Helens, lava dome
Mt. St. Helens, ignimbrite

Mt. Unzen, Japan, nuee ardente
Mt. Vesuvius, 79 AD
Mt. Vesuvius, satellite view


N

Natrocarbonatites
Nebular hypothesis
Nevado del Ruiz, Colombia
Nea and Palea Kameni, Greece

Novarupta dome, Alaska
Nueé ardentes
Nueé ardentes, Mt. Pelee

Nyamuragira and Nyiragongo, Congo

O

Obsidian flow, California
Obsidian flows
Oceanic crust
Oceanic trench
Oldoinyo Lengai, Tanzania
Olympus Mons, Mars
Osceola lahar
Ozone effect
Ozone effect, influence of eruptions
Ozone hole


P

Pahoehoe, lava
Pahoehoe, conversion to A'a
Pahoehoe, inflated sheetflows
Pahoehoe, ropy, shelly, and slabby

Pahoehoe toes
Palagonite
Palagonite tuff

Pancake domes, Venus
Parasitic cones
Parasitic cones, Mauna Kea

Paricutin, Mexico
Paterae, Mars
Pele, the Hawaiian Goddess of Fire
Pele's hair
Pele's tears
Peléen eruptions
Peperite

Peperite, Columbia River Basalt
Perbuwatan crater, Krakatau
Phonolites
Phreatic eruptions
Phreatomagmatic eruptions
Pillow basalts
Pit craters
Plate tectonics
Plinian eruptions
Pliny the Elder and Younger
Plumes, mantle
Polymerization
Pompeii
Popocatepetl, Mexico
Potentially active volcano, defined
Prometheus, Io
Pressure ridges
Pumice
Pumice-fall deposits

Pumice flows
PuuOo, Hawaii
Pyroclastic
Pyroclastic breccia

Pyroclastic fall
Pyroclastic flows
Pyroclastic sheetflows
Pyroclasts


Q

R

Radioactive decay
Rakata cone, Krakatau

Redoubt, Alaska
Regolith, moon
Resurgent caldera
Reticulite
Retrograde boiling
Rheomorphic ignimbrite
Rhyolite
Rhyolitic lavas
Ring of Fire
Rio Loa pyroclastic sheetflows, Chile

Rootless vents
Rootless vents, Mars

Ropy pahoehoe

S

St. Pierre, Martinique
Sacajewa caldera, Venus
Sakurajima, Japan
Santiaguito, lava dome
Santorini, Greece
Santorini caldera, oblique aerial view

Santorini, caldera wall
Scoria
Scoria cones
Scoria-fall deposits

Seafloor spreading
Seamounts
Second boiling
Shelly pahoehoe
Shield volcanoes
Shiprock, New Mexico

Shoemaker, Eugene
Sideromelane
Silica
Silica-oxygen tetrahedron
Sill, as invasive protrusion

Sillar
Simple lava flows
Simple flows, Palouse Falls, Washington

Sinuous rilles
Skylights
Spatter
Spatter cones
Spatter ramparts
Spatter-fed flows
Spherulites

Spinifex texture
Spiracle
Squeeze-ups
Stratovolcanoes
Strombolian eruptions
Stromboli, Italy
Subduction zones
Sulfaterra

Sulfur dioxide
Sulfur on Io
Sunda Straits
Sunset Crater, Arizona
Sunsets, volcanic
Surtseyan eruptions


T

Tachylite
Tambora, Indonesia
Tambora, climate change
Tarawera, New Zealand
Tavurvur, Papua Ne Guinea

Tephra
Tharsis shield volcanoes, Mars

Thera, Greece
Tholi, Mars
Ticks, Venus

Toba, Indonesia
Toba ignimbrite
TOMS

Tortas
Tower of Pélee

Trachytic lavas
Tuff
Tuff breccia

Tuff rings
Tuff ring, Harrat Khaybar, Saudi Arabia

Tumuli
Tvashtar Catena, Io

U

Ukinrek, Aleutians
Umbrella region
Unzen volcano, Japan

V

Valles caldera, New Mexico
Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, Alaska
Vapor-phase crystallization
Vapor pressure
Variability of eruptions

VEI
Vent
Venus
Vesicles
Vesicle cylinders
Vesiculation
Vesiculation region
Villarrica volcano, Chile
Virunga volcano chain

Viscosity
VOG
Volcanic breccia, lunar highlands

Volcanic edifice
Volcanic gases
Volcanic arc
Volcanic Explosivity Index
Volcano-climate interactions
Volcano types, general characteristics
Vulcano, Italy

Vulcanian eruptions

W

Welding in ignimbrites
Wizard Island

X

Y

Year without a summer
Yellowstone

Z

hit counter